ChIP-Sequencing Service: Decode Protein-DNA Interactions with High-Resolution Epigenetic Profiling

In the complex landscape of gene regulation, understanding where and how proteins interact with DNA is the key to unlocking biological mechanisms. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is the gold-standard method for analyzing protein interactions with DNA. It combines the specificity of chromatin immunoprecipitation with the sensitivity of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to map binding sites of transcription factors, histone modifications, and chromatin regulators across the entire genome.

However, successful ChIP-Seq is notoriously difficult. Researchers often struggle with high background noise, non-specific antibody binding, and the challenge of obtaining sufficient starting material from precious samples.

CD Genomics eliminates these hurdles. We provide a robust, end-to-end ChIP-Seq service optimized for high sensitivity and reproducibility. Whether you are investigating the regulatory network of a rare plant species or profiling histone marks in limited stem cell populations, our platform delivers data you can trust.

Why Leading Labs Partner with CD Genomics:

  • Ultra-Low Input: We have optimized library preparation protocols to generate high-complexity libraries from as little as 5 ng of DNA or 10,000 cells.
  • Target Flexibility: Validated workflows for Histones (broad peaks), Transcription Factors (narrow peaks), and Co-factors.
  • High Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Stringent washing and bead selection protocols minimize false positives.
  • Publication-Ready Insight: We don't just deliver raw reads; we provide comprehensive peak annotation, motif enrichment, and visualization tracks ready for your manuscript.
Submit Your Request Now
ChIP-seq service illustrating high-specificity protein–DNA interaction mapping
Overview Service Specs Workflow Bioinformatics Tech Comparison Applications Sample Requirements Case Study FAQ

Overcoming the Bottlenecks in Epigenetic Research

Epigenetic research is shifting from describing static states to understanding dynamic regulatory networks. To achieve this, researchers need higher resolution and greater sensitivity than what traditional microarray-based (ChIP-chip) methods could provide.

At CD Genomics, we understand that the quality of sequencing data is entirely dependent on the quality of the immunoprecipitation. A failed ChIP experiment often stems from three root causes:

  1. Poor Chromatin Shearing: Inconsistent fragment sizes lead to poor resolution.
  2. Antibody Specificity: Cross-reactivity generates misleading peaks.
  3. Library Complexity: Low input amounts often result in high PCR duplication rates, wasting sequencing power.

Our "Bio-Infrastructure" approach addresses these pain points directly. We employ adaptive sonication protocols tailored to your specific sample type—whether it is tough plant tissue, frozen biopsy material, or suspension cells. Furthermore, we utilize specific molecular barcode in specific low-input protocols to accurately remove PCR duplicates, ensuring that every read represents a unique biological event.

Detailed Service Highlights and Specifications

We offer a flexible service model tailored to your research needs. You can submit raw samples (cells/tissues) or pre-immunoprecipitated DNA.

1. Optimized Sequencing Strategies

To ensure cost-effectiveness without compromising discovery power, we recommend sequencing depths based on the biological nature of your target:

Target Type Recommended Depth Rationale

Histone Modifications (Sharp)

(e.g., H3K4me3, H3K27ac) 20 Million Reads These marks occur at specific loci (promoters/enhancers), requiring moderate depth for accurate peak calling.

Histone Modifications (Broad)

(e.g., H3K9me3, H3K27me3, H3K36me3) 30-40 Million Reads These marks cover large genomic domains; higher depth is crucial to distinguish true signal from background noise.

Transcription Factors (TFs)

(e.g., p53, NF-κB, Plant TFs) 20-30 Million Reads TFs have lower binding affinity and occupancy than histones. Deep sequencing ensures detection of transient binding events.

Human/Mouse Genomes PE150 (Paired-end 150bp) Longer reads improve mapping accuracy, especially in repetitive regions.

2. Rigorous Quality Control (QC)

Data integrity is non-negotiable. Our workflow includes three critical QC checkpoints:

ChIP-seq peak comparison showing improved signal-to-noise and reduced backgroundFigure 1. Superior Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Comparison of ChIP-seq peak calling quality. CD Genomics' optimized protocol (bottom) yields sharp, distinct peaks with minimal background compared to standard methods.

The CD Genomics ChIP-Seq Workflow

Our workflow is designed for transparency and traceability. From the moment your samples arrive at our facility, they are tracked via our Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS).

Step 1: Cross-linking and Lysis

We treat cells or tissues with formaldehyde to covalently link proteins to DNA sequences. This "freezes" the protein-DNA interactions in vivo. The reaction is quenched with glycine to prevent over-crosslinking, which can hamper DNA fragmentation.

Step 2: Chromatin Fragmentation (Sonication or Digestion)

This is the most critical step for resolution. We use focused ultrasonication to shear chromatin into fragments of 200–600 base pairs.

  • Why this matters: If fragments are too large (>1kb), the binding site cannot be pinpointed accurately. If too small, the protein binding may be disrupted. We verify shearing efficiency via gel electrophoresis.

Step 3: Immunoprecipitation (IP)

Specific antibodies are used to capture the protein of interest. We utilize Protein A/G magnetic beads, which offer superior binding capacity and lower background compared to traditional agarose beads. The bead-antibody-chromatin complex is washed stringently to remove non-specific DNA.

Step 4: Reverse Cross-linking and Purification

The protein-DNA crosslinks are reversed using heat and Proteinase K digestion. The DNA is then purified, yielding the specific sequences that were bound to your target protein.

Step 5: Library Preparation and Sequencing

Adapters are ligated to the DNA fragments. These adapters contain indices that allow multiplexing. The libraries are amplified (minimized PCR cycles) and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 or HiSeq X Ten platforms, generating millions of short reads.

ChIP-seq workflow showing chromatin immunoprecipitation, sequencing, and peak calling

Advanced Bioinformatics & Data Visualization

Raw data is useless without interpretation. CD Genomics provides an industry-leading bioinformatics pipeline that transforms FASTQ files into biological insights. Our standard analysis includes:

1. Data Cleaning and Mapping

  • Removal of low-quality reads and adapter sequences.
  • Alignment to the reference genome (e.g., hg38, mm10, or custom plant genomes) using BWA or Bowtie2.
  • Filtering of multi-mapped reads to ensure specificity.

2. Peak Calling (The Core Analysis)

We use MACS2 (Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq), the industry standard for identifying binding sites.

  • Narrow Peak Calling: For Transcription Factors and histone marks like H3K4me3.
  • Broad Peak Calling: For diffuse histone marks like H3K27me3 or K9me3.
  • Significance: We provide Q-values (FDR) to help you statistically filter high-confidence peaks.

3. Motif Analysis

If you are studying a Transcription Factor, you need to know what sequence it binds to. We use MEME or HOMER to discover:

  • Known Motifs: Does your peak contain the canonical binding sequence?
  • De Novo Motifs: Is there a novel binding motif or co-factor motif enriched in your data?

4. Visualization

We generate files compatible with the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) or UCSC Genome Browser.

  • BigWig Files: For viewing peak shapes and coverage depth.
  • Heatmaps & Profile Plots: Visualizing binding intensity around the Transcription Start Site (TSS) across all genes.

De novo DNA motif discovery from ChIP-seq peaks confirming transcription factor specificityFigure 2. De Novo Motif Discovery. Identification of enriched DNA binding motifs within ChIP-seq peaks, confirming the specificity of the transcription factor binding.

Technology Comparison: Choosing the Right Epigenetic Tool

Not sure if ChIP-Seq is right for your project? We offer a comprehensive suite of epigenetic services. Use this comparison to select the best fit for your sample type and research goals.

Feature ChIP-Seq (The Gold Standard) CUT&Tag (The Modern Alternative) ATAC-Seq (Chromatin Accessibility)
Primary Goal Protein-DNA interactions (TFs, Histones) Protein-DNA interactions (Low Input) Open Chromatin / Nucleosome Positioning
Principle Crosslinking + Sonication + IP Enzyme-tethering (Tn5) in situ Tn5 Transposition in open regions
Input DNA/Cells High (>10 ng / 10^6 cells) Ultra-Low (<1,000 cells) Low (50,000 cells)
Signal-to-Noise Moderate (Depends on Antibody) High (Low background) High
Best For... Established protocols, Comparisons to public ENCODE data, Repetitive regions Rare cell populations, Single-cell applications General regulatory landscape mapping
Cost Cost-Effective Premium Moderate

Expert Recommendation:

Key Applications

1. Identification of Transcription Factor Binding Sites (TFBS)

  • The Challenge: Deciphering the gene regulatory network requires precise mapping of cis-regulatory elements. In complex plant genomes (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous), identifying specific binding peaks involved in development, flowering time, and biotic stress is computationally challenging.
  • Our Solution: We utilize optimized ChIP-seq protocols to accurately determine genome-wide TFBS distribution. Our analysis pipeline annotates peaks relative to key genomic features ($5'$ UTR, $3'$ UTR, exons, introns) and calculates distance to the Transcription Start Site (TSS) to identify putative target genes.
  • Multi-Omics Synergy: We validate these targets by integrating RNA-Seq data, correlating binding events with actual gene expression changes.
  • Resource: How to Identify Gene Promoters and Enhancers by ChIP-Seq

2. Genome-Wide Histone Modification Profiling

  • The Challenge: Understanding how epigenetic marks (methylation, acetylation) regulate gene expression during environmental stress.
  • Our Solution: Our service detects precise distribution patterns of modified histones in vivo. We have successfully profiled histone marks involved in hormonal signaling and stress response, providing clear visualization of chromatin state changes across developmental stages.

3. Sequencing Repetitive Genome Sequences (Heterochromatin)

  • The Challenge: Conventional sequencing often fails in regions with high copy numbers, such as satellite DNA, retrotransposons, and centromeric regions.
  • Case Study (Wheat): In a study of the histone H3 variant CENH3 in wheat (Triticum aestivum, chromosome 4DS), standard alignment failed due to repetitive complexity.
  • Our Approach: By leveraging unique sequences flanking the repetitive regions, our ChIP-seq pipeline successfully aligned reads to the ectopic genomic sequences in new meristems. This proves our capability to handle highly complex, repetitive plant genomes.

Integrated ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis linking transcription factor binding to gene expressionFigure 3. Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis. Correlation of transcription factor binding sites (ChIP-seq peaks) with target gene expression levels (RNA-seq), revealing direct regulatory mechanisms.

Sample Submission Requirements

To ensure the success of your project, proper sample preparation is vital. Please adhere to the following guidelines when shipping samples to CD Genomics.

Sample Type Recommended Amount Shipping Condition Notes
Cell Pellet >1×107 cells Dry Ice Wash with PBS before freezing. Snap freeze in liquid nitrogen preferred.
Animal Tissue >50 mg Dry Ice Cut into small pieces (<50 mg) to facilitate nuclei extraction.
Plant Tissue >2 g Dry Ice Young leaves or floral tissues are preferred (lower secondary metabolites).
ChIP-ed DNA >10 ng (dsDNA) Dry Ice / Blue Ice Validate fragment size (200-600bp) on a gel before shipping.
Antibody 5−10μg per reaction Blue Ice Must be "ChIP-grade" validated. Please provide vendor datasheet.

Note: For low-input samples or challenging tissues, please contact our technical team for a custom consultation before shipping.

Client Success Story: Unveiling the Epigenetic Mechanism of NELFE in Liver Cancer

Project Source: Cell Death & Disease

Paper Title: Phase separation of NELFE modulates chromatin accessibility to promote dichotomous signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma

Client: A research group focusing on Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) mechanisms. Services Provided by CD Genomics:

ChIP-Seq (Protein-DNA Binding) & ATAC-Seq (Chromatin Accessibility)

The research team suspected that the protein NELFE drives liver cancer progression via Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation (LLPS). However, they lacked the high-resolution structural evidence to prove how these phase-separated condensates interact with the genome to regulate specific oncogenes. They needed a partner to map the precise genomic binding sites and chromatin state changes.

To address this complex question, CD Genomics designed a comprehensive Epigenomic Multi-Omics strategy for the client:

  • ChIP-Seq Execution: We performed high-sensitivity ChIP-seq using anti-NELFE antibodies to identify genome-wide binding peaks, ensuring high signal-to-noise ratios even in complex cancer cell lines.
  • ATAC-Seq Integration: We conducted ATAC-seq to assess chromatin openness.
  • Bioinformatics Support: Our analysis team performed an Integrative Analysis, overlaying the ChIP-seq signals with ATAC-seq tracks to visualize how NELFE binding directly remodels chromatin architecture at promoter regions.

Multi-omics genome browser tracks generated by CD Genomics showing NELFE ChIP-seq peaks overlapping with ATAC-seq signals at oncogene promoters. Figure 1. CD Genomics Data Output. Integrated genome browser view showing the correlation between NELFE binding (ChIP-seq, Top) and Open Chromatin (ATAC-seq, Bottom). The distinct peaks produced by our pipeline confirmed that NELFE recruits chromatin remodelers to activate oncogenes.

The data generated by CD Genomics provided the "smoking gun."

  • Precise Localization: Our ChIP-seq analysis pinpointed NELFE binding specifically at the promoters of key oncogenes (e.g., MYC, CCND1).
  • Mechanism Revealed: By correlating our ChIP-seq data with the client's ATAC-seq data, we demonstrated that NELFE binding sites perfectly overlap with regions of increased chromatin accessibility. This proved that NELFE condensates physically "open up" chromatin to drive gene transcription.

With these high-quality, publication-ready figures, the client successfully published their findings in Cell Death & Disease (Nature Portfolio). This case exemplifies how CD Genomics empowers researchers to connect novel physical mechanisms (phase separation) with genetic outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

References:

  1. Park, P. J. (2009). ChIP-seq: advantages and challenges of a maturing technology. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10(10), 669-680.
  2. Landt, S. G., et al. (2012). ChIP-seq guidelines and practices of the ENCODE and modENCODE consortia. Genome Research, 22(9), 1813-1831.
  3. Evaluation of CENH3 in Wheat (Internal Case Study, CD Genomics).


Inquiry
  • For research purposes only, not intended for clinical diagnosis, treatment, or individual health assessments.
RNA
Research Areas
Copyright © CD Genomics. All rights reserved.
Top